The direct or indirect impact of exogenous or supraphysiological levels of anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS) on neurocognitive functions, encompassing domains such as executive function, memory, attention, and mood regulation. This term addresses the documented alterations in cerebral structure and function observed in individuals utilizing these compounds. Clinically, understanding these effects is crucial for assessing the full risk-benefit profile of AAS use, particularly concerning long-term mental acuity and neurological health. The resulting cognitive changes can range from subtle shifts in processing speed to more pronounced alterations in impulse control and emotional stability.
Origin
This term originates from the convergence of endocrinology, psychopharmacology, and neuropsychology, reflecting the clinical investigation into the non-musculoskeletal effects of steroid hormones. The concept gained prominence as research expanded beyond the physical performance domain to examine the central nervous system’s response to exogenous androgens. Its etymological roots lie in the Greek anabole (a building up) and the Latin cognitio (a knowing).
Mechanism
AAS exert their influence on cognition by crossing the blood-brain barrier and interacting with androgen receptors (AR) and estrogen receptors (ER) located in various brain regions, including the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex. These steroid-receptor complexes modulate gene expression, altering the synthesis of neurotransmitters and neurotrophic factors vital for neuronal health and synaptic plasticity. Furthermore, the rapid, non-genomic effects of these hormones can acutely influence neuronal excitability and signaling cascades, contributing to immediate behavioral and cognitive shifts. The disruption of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis also introduces secondary hormonal imbalances that indirectly affect central nervous system function.
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