The physiological role of hormones that promote anabolism, which is the metabolic process of building complex molecules from simpler ones, essential for tissue growth and repair. These hormones stimulate protein synthesis, cellular proliferation, and the storage of energy reserves, primarily impacting muscle, bone, and connective tissues. Key examples include testosterone, growth hormone, insulin, and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1). Optimal anabolic function is critical for maintaining lean body mass, bone density, and metabolic health throughout the lifespan. A robust anabolic state supports systemic resilience and recovery.
Origin
The term originates from the Greek word anabole, meaning “a raising up” or “a building up,” contrasting with catabolism, which is the breakdown process. The concept of anabolic hormone function became central to endocrinology with the discovery and characterization of key steroid and peptide hormones involved in growth and development. Understanding these functions is fundamental to clinical disciplines ranging from pediatrics to gerontology. The foundation lies in classical metabolic biochemistry.
Mechanism
Anabolic hormones exert their effects by binding to specific intracellular or cell-surface receptors, initiating signal transduction pathways that regulate gene expression. This regulation promotes the uptake of amino acids and glucose by cells, increasing the rate of protein and glycogen synthesis. Testosterone and IGF-1, for instance, activate pathways like the Akt/mTOR cascade, which is a master regulator of cellular growth and hypertrophy in skeletal muscle tissue. This cascade ensures the cellular machinery prioritizes building over breaking down.
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