Anabolic-catabolic signaling describes the continuous, opposing, and tightly regulated communication pathways within all cells that determine whether the body is building up complex molecules or breaking them down for energy. Anabolic signals, such as those from insulin and growth hormone, promote tissue synthesis, while catabolic signals, notably cortisol and glucagon, drive the breakdown of stored resources. The physiological health of the organism depends on a dynamic and context-appropriate balance between these two fundamental metabolic states.
Origin
This foundational concept is central to the entire field of metabolism and biochemistry, deriving from the Greek words anabole (a raising up) and katabole (a throwing down). In endocrinology, the focus is on how the endocrine system acts as the master regulator of this constant cellular tug-of-war.
Mechanism
The signaling involves complex intracellular cascades, most prominently the mTOR pathway driving anabolism and the ubiquitin-proteasome system driving catabolism. Hormones bind to specific receptors, triggering phosphorylation events that ultimately modulate gene expression and enzyme activity. The body shifts its signaling profile based on nutrient availability and energy demand, favoring anabolism during periods of nutrient excess and catabolism during fasting or intense stress.
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