The successful, dynamic process of maintaining physiological stability, or allostasis, through controlled, adaptive change in response to fluctuating environmental and psychological demands. Achieving allostasis means the body’s primary regulatory systems, particularly the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and autonomic nervous system, are operating efficiently to anticipate needs and restore equilibrium without incurring excessive wear-and-tear. It signifies effective stress management at a biological level.
Origin
The term ‘allostasis’ was coined in the late 20th century, contrasting with ‘homeostasis,’ to describe the body’s capacity to actively adapt and change internal parameters to meet external demands, rather than simply maintaining a fixed internal state. ‘Achievement’ is a clinical modifier, emphasizing the therapeutic goal of optimizing this dynamic regulation to prevent the chronic overload known as allostatic load.
Mechanism
Achievement of allostasis is mediated by finely tuned neuroendocrine and autonomic feedback loops. Optimal cortisol and catecholamine secretion patterns allow for rapid mobilization of energy and attention during stress, followed by an efficient return to baseline. Key hormonal regulators, including DHEA and sex steroids, play a role in buffering the catabolic effects of stress hormones, supporting the structural integrity and plasticity of the central nervous system and peripheral tissues.
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