The gradual, inevitable decline in the efficiency and capacity of physiological systems and cellular processes that occurs with chronological aging. This systemic reduction in function impacts an organism’s ability to maintain homeostasis and respond effectively to stress. It is a fundamental characteristic of senescence, reflecting the cumulative damage and dysregulation across the body’s biological networks.
Origin
A descriptive clinical and biological term combining “age-related,” pertaining to senescence, and “functional deterioration,” a decline in performance. The concept is rooted in gerontology and the study of human physiology over the lifespan. Within endocrinology, it refers specifically to the decline in hormone production, receptor sensitivity, and feedback loop efficiency.
Mechanism
Driven by key biological hallmarks of aging, including cellular senescence, mitochondrial dysfunction, telomere attrition, and genomic instability. Hormonally, this involves a decline in anabolic hormones like testosterone, growth hormone, and DHEA, coupled with potential dysregulation of stress hormones like cortisol. The impaired signaling pathways and chronic low-grade inflammation contribute significantly to the progressive loss of organ reserve and overall functional capacity.
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