The physiological process of maximizing the uptake and bioavailability of macro- and micronutrients across the gastrointestinal mucosa into systemic circulation. This concept extends beyond basic digestion, focusing on optimizing intestinal permeability, transporter function, and the overall health of the enterocytes. Efficient absorption is fundamental to maintaining optimal hormonal synthesis and metabolic function throughout the body, directly influencing energy levels and cellular repair.
Origin
This term is a clinical descriptor combining “absorption,” derived from the Latin absorbere meaning to swallow or suck in, with “advanced,” indicating a focus on enhanced or specialized biological efficiency. It originates within nutritional science and clinical gastroenterology, where the focus shifted from simple nutrient intake to the cellular mechanics of uptake. The understanding of gut barrier integrity is a modern addition to this foundational physiological concept.
Mechanism
The process involves the active transport, facilitated diffusion, and passive diffusion of nutrients across the brush border membrane of the small intestine. Key mechanisms include the regulation of specific nutrient transporters, such as those for amino acids and glucose, and the role of bile acids in lipid emulsification and uptake. Furthermore, the integrity of the gut barrier and the activity of digestive enzymes are critical determinants of absorption kinetics and overall efficiency.
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