The physiological process involving the formation of new functional neurons from neural stem cells and progenitor cells within specific regions of the adult brain, primarily the hippocampus. This process is crucial for cognitive function, including learning, memory consolidation, and mood regulation. Proper hormonal balance, especially involving glucocorticoids and sex steroids, significantly influences the rate and outcome of this neuronal generation.
Origin
The term combines “adult,” referring to the post-developmental stage of an organism, and “neurogenesis,” derived from the Greek words neuron (nerve) and genesis (birth or creation). While historically believed to cease after early development, research in the late 20th century confirmed its persistence in specific adult mammalian brain structures. Its relevance to endocrinology stems from the regulatory influence of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and peripheral hormones.
Mechanism
Neurogenesis proceeds through a cascade beginning with the proliferation of progenitor cells, followed by differentiation into immature neurons, and culminating in the survival and integration of these new cells into existing neural circuits. Growth factors and neurotrophins, which are often regulated by systemic hormones like IGF-1 and estrogen, act as key signaling molecules. Chronic stress and elevated cortisol levels can suppress this intricate cellular process, linking endocrine function directly to neurological health and resilience.
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