Adiponectin levels refer to the measurable concentration of the protein hormone adiponectin circulating in the bloodstream. This adipokine is predominantly secreted by adipocytes, or fat cells, and plays a crucial role in regulating glucose and lipid metabolism. Clinically, higher concentrations of adiponectin are often associated with improved insulin sensitivity and a reduced risk of cardiovascular disease. Monitoring these levels provides valuable insight into a patient’s overall metabolic health and adipose tissue function.
Origin
The term combines “adipo-,” referring to fat or adipose tissue, and “-nectin,” indicating a protein that connects or links biological processes. This hormone was discovered in the late 1990s, revealing a novel endocrine function of adipose tissue beyond simple energy storage. Its identification shifted the scientific perspective, recognizing fat tissue as an active endocrine organ with systemic regulatory roles.
Mechanism
Adiponectin exerts its effects by binding to specific adiponectin receptors (AdipoR1 and AdipoR2) found on target cells, particularly in the liver and muscle. Receptor binding activates downstream signaling pathways, notably the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathway. This activation leads to enhanced fatty acid oxidation, decreased hepatic glucose production, and increased glucose uptake in muscle. These collective actions improve systemic insulin sensitivity and reduce inflammation.
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