Adipocyte signaling refers to the complex communication network involving adipokines, hormones, and cytokines secreted by adipose tissue that influence systemic metabolism, inflammation, and endocrine function. Adipose tissue is not merely a passive energy storage depot; it acts as a highly active endocrine organ. This signaling profoundly impacts insulin sensitivity, satiety, and the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis. Dysregulation of this intricate signaling cascade is central to many metabolic and hormonal disorders.
Origin
The understanding of adipose tissue as an endocrine organ emerged in the late 20th century with the discovery of leptin, fundamentally changing the perspective on fat cells. The term integrates the biological roles of the Greek adipo- (fat) and cyte (cell) with the biological concept of signaling. It underscores the critical, active role of fat cells in whole-body physiological regulation.
Mechanism
Adipocytes release specific signaling molecules, such as leptin, adiponectin, and various inflammatory cytokines, which travel through the circulation to target organs like the brain, liver, and muscle. These molecules bind to specific receptors, initiating intracellular cascades that modify gene expression and cellular function. For instance, leptin signaling in the hypothalamus regulates energy balance, demonstrating a direct link to neuroendocrine control.
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