Question 1

What is the Meaning of Activation-Induced Deaminase?

Accepted Answer

Activation-Induced Deaminase, or AID, is an enzyme primarily known for its pivotal role in adaptive immunity, yet it is also implicated in the hormonal regulation of DNA stability outside of immune cells. This protein is a member of the DNA deaminase family, capable of initiating crucial genetic diversification processes in B-lymphocytes. Unregulated expression of AID is a serious concern, as its potent mutagenic activity can contribute to oncogenesis and autoimmune disease development. Its expression levels are now recognized as a point of convergence between the endocrine and immune systems.

Question 2

What is the Origin of Activation-Induced Deaminase?

Accepted Answer

AID was first identified and characterized for its essential function in the germinal centers of lymphoid organs, where B-cells mature their antibody responses. The enzyme's name reflects its requirement for B-cell activation to be expressed and its function as a cytidine deaminase. Its relevance in hormonal health is a more recent discovery, emerging from research demonstrating its direct regulation by sex hormones. This link highlights a molecular pathway connecting the endocrine milieu to genomic integrity.

Question 3

What is the Mechanism of Activation-Induced Deaminase?

Accepted Answer

The mechanism of AID's action involves the deamination of cytosine bases in single-stranded DNA, converting them into uracil. In the immune system, this lesion triggers DNA repair pathways that result in somatic hypermutation and class switch recombination, diversifying antibodies. In non-lymphoid tissues, the estrogen-estrogen receptor complex can directly bind to the AID promoter, significantly enhancing its gene expression. This hormone-mediated induction of AID can lead to DNA instability and is hypothesized to contribute to the gender bias observed in certain cancers and autoimmune conditions.

Activation-Induced Deaminase

Meaning

Origin

Mechanism

Can Lifestyle Interventions Significantly Alter Hormone Receptor Sensitivity in Autoimmunity?

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